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附件甲
正確使用原著資料的詳細指引
本節的例子多由香港中文大學社會學系編寫及出版的指引改編，詳情請瀏覽網址http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/soc/citation.pdf。
性質輕微的不正確加註常被視作差劣的學術寫作。嚴重的抄襲個案，包括蓄意誤導讀者等。
1.
逐字抄錄原著資料
2.
意譯及翻譯
3.
改變次序及/或轉換為/自點列方式
4.
引用專用名詞或概念
5.
總結主要概念
6.
引用事實或他人的研究結果
7.
表格及圖表資料
1.
逐字抄錄原著資料
原著（例1）： Peter Berger, Invitation to Sociology (London: Penguin, 1991), p
87
| Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are
personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty
(the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously
very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon
the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion,
ridicule, gossip and opprobrium. |
不正確引用（例1）：除首句外，其餘為逐字抄錄原文，並沒有加上引號及附註。這明顯是抄襲。
| Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them.
Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally
known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind
that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously
very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon
the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion,
ridicule, gossip and opprobrium. |
不正確引用（例1）：以下摘錄同樣沒有加上引號及附註，也屬於抄襲。
| Where human beings live or work in primary groups, very potent and subtle
mechanisms of control are brought to bear upon the deviant members. These
are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule and gossip. |
正確引用（例1）：逐字抄錄的原文須加上引號，並須加上附註，例如
[1]。
| Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them.
“Where human beings live or work in compact
groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied
by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary
groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control
are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These
are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium”
[1]. |
正確引用（例1）：如果只是摘錄，省略的部分可用省略號（即......）表達，而原文仍須加上引號，並須加上附註，例如
[1]。
| “Where human beings live or work in ...
primary groups, ... very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms
of control are constantly brought to bear upon the ... deviant. These
are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium”
[1]. |
原著（例2）：費孝通《鄉土中國》（香港：三聯
。1986），第28頁
| 在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的。不過是從自己這個中心裏推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。 |
不正確引用（例2）：以下是逐字抄錄上文的例子，屬於抄襲。
| 西洋社會及中國傳統社會中的群己關係截然不同。在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的。不過是從自己這個中心推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。 |
不正確引用（例2）：以下是摘錄的例子，也屬於抄襲。
| 在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，界線從來就是不清不楚的，所以可以著手的，具體的只有己。 |
正確引用（例2）：以下是逐字抄錄上文的例子，提及原作者和原著，並加上了引號「
」和附註，例如〔1〕，乃屬正確引用。
| 費孝通在《鄉土中國》一文中指出，「在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是糢糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的，不過是從自己這個中心推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。」〔1〕 |
正確引用（例2）：以下是摘錄的例子，加上了引號「
」和附註，例如
〔1〕，
乃屬正確引用。
| 「在西洋社會裏，國家社會這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，.....
在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的‘天下’..... 界線從來就是不清不楚的，..... 所以可以著手的，具體的只有己 .....」〔1〕。 |
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2.
意譯及翻譯
原著（例1）：Peter Berger, Invitation to Sociology (London: Penguin, 1991), p
87
| Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are
personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty
(the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously
very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon
the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion,
ridicule, gossip and opprobrium. |
不正確引用（例1）：在以下的例子，原文文字曾被修改，甚至連句字結構亦改變，但保留了原文的意思，這是意譯。如果沒有註明資料來源，仍屬於抄襲。
| In primary groups, in which people knows each other personally, deviants
(actual or potential) are restrained by delicate mechanisms of social
control, including persuasion, ridicule, gossip, opprobrium, etc. |
不正確引用（例1）：以下是意譯及翻譯原文的例子。如果沒有註明資料來源，仍屬於抄襲。
| 在社會學家稱為初級團體的群體中，越軌者承受著極細微但強而有力的社會控制，例如說服、嘲笑、閒話及侮辱等。 |
正確引用（例1）：意譯須加上附註，例如
[1]，但無須加引號。
| In primary groups, in which people knows each other personally, deviants
(actual and potential) are restrained by delicate mechanisms of social
control, including persuasion, ridicule, gossip, opprobrium, etc. [1] |
原著（例2）：費孝通《鄉土中國》（香港：三聯
。1986），第28頁
| 在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的。不過是從自己這個中心裏推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。 |
不正確引用（例2）：以下是意譯的例子，未有附註，屬抄襲行為。
| 西方社會中團體與個人之關係是清晰的，這尤其反映在國家這團體與個人的關係上。而中國傳統社會中團體與個人的關係從來都是含糊不清的，國家是皇帝的家族的延伸，因此不存在西方所謂的個人從團體中解放的問題，孔子所稱道的「克己」是唯一的社會道德。 |
正確引用（例2）：以下是意譯的例子，加上附註，屬正確引用。
| 西方社會中團體與個人之關係是清晰的，這尤其反映在國家這團體與個人的關係上。而中國傳統社會中團體與個人的關係從來都是含糊不清的，國家是皇帝的家族的延伸，因此不存在西方所謂的個人從團體中解放的問題，孔子所稱道的「克己」是唯一的社會道德。〔1〕 |
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3.
改變次序及/或轉換
為/自點列方式
假設原著是以點列方式寫成的。
原著（例3）：Anthony Giddens, Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press. 2nd ed., 1993)
p 529-30
| The European powers acquired colonies for a number of reasons:
1. Colonial possessions added to the political influence and power
of the parent country and provided sites for military bases.
2. Most Westerners also saw colonialism as a civilizing enterprise,
helping upgrade native peoples from their "primitive" conditions
...
3. There was an important economic motive. From the early years of Western
expansion, food, raw materials and other goods were taken from the colonized
areas to full western economic development ... |
不正確引用（例3）：以下意譯更改了原文三點的數字次序，如果沒有註明資料來源，仍屬於抄襲。
The European powers acquired colonies for
(1) economic expansion;
(2) exercise of political influence;
(3) civilization of the "native" people |
不正確引用（例3）：以下意譯將點列形式轉為文字陳述，如果沒有註明資料來源，仍屬於抄襲。
| The colonization of "primitive" societies by Europe serves
several purposes: economic expansion, exercise of political influence
and civilization of the "native" peoples. |
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4.
引用專用名詞或概念
原著（例4）：
Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental
Patients and other Inmates. (1968, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin), p 15-16
| Every institution captures something of the time and interest of its
members and provides something of a world for them; in brief, every institution
has encompassing tendencies. When we review the different institutions
in our Western society, we find some that are encompassing to a degree
discontinuously greater than the ones next in line. Their encompassing
or total character is symbolized by the barrier to social intercourse
with the outside and to departure that is often built right into the physical
plant, such as locked doors, high walls, barbed wire, cliffs, water, forests,
or moors. These establishments I am calling total institutions [italics
original], and it is their general characteristics I want to explore. |
不正確引用（例4）：以下例子引用了專用名詞「total
institutions」而未有附註。如果沒有註明資料來源，屬於抄襲。
| Hospitals are total institutions, the public access to which is strictly
denied. |
正確引用（例4）：引用專用名詞時須提及原作者，並加上引號及附註，例如
[1]。
| Hospitals are what Goffman calls "total
institutions", which is "symbolized
by the barrier to social intercourse with the outside…"
[1]. |
正確引用（例4）：以下是另一種正確的引用方式。
| Hospitals are, in Goffman's famous term,
total institutions, the public access to which is strictly denied [1]. |
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5.
總結主要概念
原著（例5）： Lau, Siu-kai. Society and Politics in Hong Kong. (1982, Hong Kong:
The Chinese University Press).
| (The original source first introduced some key concepts.) |
不正確引用（例5）：以下段落總結了原文的主要概念，惟讓別人以為概念屬作者原創，這屬於抄襲。
| Hong Kong people can meet their economic needs mainly through supports
from their familial groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government
for provision of social welfare, and this accounts for the political apathy
of Hong Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong Kong. |
正確引用（例5）：須標示文中的主要概念是引用自資料來源。
| According to Lau [1], Hong Kong people
can meet their economic needs mainly through supports from their familial
groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government for provision
of social welfare, and their accounts for the political apathy of Hong
Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong Kong. |
正確引用（例5）：以下是另一種正確的引用方式。雖然文中並未提及原作者，但加上附註以顯示概念是引用的。
| Hong Kong people can meet their economic needs mainly through supports
from their familial groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government
for provision of social welfare, and their accounts for the political
apathy of Hong Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong
Kong [1]. |
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6.
引用事實或他人的研究結果
正確引用（例6）：引用（未有明確來源的）事實時須註明資料來源。
| A total of 58 agreements guaranteeing paid holidays had been signed
by the unions in Britain in 1920. By the mid-20's there were 16-17 percent
of the labour-force who received paid holidays [1]. |
原著（例7）：Thomas T. P. Wong and Lui Tai-lok. From One Brand of Politics to
One Brand of Political Culture. Hong Kong: occasional paper no. 10. (1992, Hong
Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong). p
26
| When asked if they feel themselves belonging to a class, 79% of our
respondents said 'yes'; 19 said 'no', and only 2% answered 'don't know'. |
正確引用（例7）：引用研究結果時須註明資料來源。
| Wong and Lui [1] demonstrate that nearly
80% of their respondents feel themselves belonging to a class. |
正確引用（例8）：即使研究結果不涉及研究數據，也須註明資料來源。
| In countries where the religiously orthodox differ from modernists in
their economic beliefs, the orthodox are far more likely to be to the
left of modernists than to be right [1]. |
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7.
表格及圖表資料
如表格或圖表所載資料並非由作者本人收集，必須註明資料來源。
正確引用（例9）：
| Table 2.6. Growth in the value of world exports by major product groups,
1985-93.
[table]
Source: Ref [1]. |
正確引用（例10）：
| [graph]
Figure 6. The annual GDP growth in Hong Kong, 1960-1990.
Source: Ref [1]. |
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