返回主頁 Back

徽商晉商之興衰探密 – 歷史地理學的考察

日期 Date:

2007 年 1 月 4 日 (星期四)下午 7 時至 8 時 30 分

講者 Speaker:

葛劍雄教授

講題大綱/概述Lectures Outline / Synopsis:

近年來,徽商和晉商成為研究和關注的熱點,但對這兩個商業群體的興盛發展的原因往往歸結為「儒商」或商業道德,或者強調當地的節儉風尚和不利生存條件;而對其衰敗又多從外部條件加以解釋。其實並非如此。

商品經濟離不開商品和市場,因此既要考慮本地的條件,也要考慮相關地區的條件;既要注意自然環境,也要注意人文環境。

徽州地處長江三角洲上游,距離不遠,且有水路交通的便利,徽商的主要活動區域正是長江三角洲,而兩地的商品具有互補性。在徽商形成規模後,更充分利用長江三角洲的優勢就地發展。

晉商在以北京為中心的華北平原與蒙古高原間的交通線上起了樞紐作用,充分利用了北京等地對蒙古和西伯利亞的皮毛的需求,以糧食和日用品作為主要的交換商品,形成穩定的市場。山西的自然條件和相對發達的農業也起了重要作用。徽商和晉商的節儉和誠信的確起了一定的作用,但不是決定因素。

在中國傳統社會中,政治勢力始終左右著商業的命運,徽商和晉商都善於利用官方的權力,取得某一方面的壟斷地位或官方的特許經銷。如徽商通過取得鹽引,壟斷官鹽的銷售權。晉商經營的錢莊一度成為官方的兌付機構。兩者都曾獲得大額官方採購。

但進入近代後,徽商和晉商既失去了傳統的市場,又沒有開發出新的商品,註定了衰敗的命運。資本主義工商業和金融業的發展,交通方式與路線的改變,內部的保守和腐敗加快了沒落的速度。

[頁首 Top]


移民與近代上海

日期 Date:

2007 年 1 月 5 日 (星期五)下午 7 時至 8 時 30 分

講者 Speaker:

葛劍雄教授

講題大綱/概述Lectures Outline / Synopsis:

新時期上海的發展離不開天時、地利和人和三方面的條件。如果將天時比之為機遇或國內外的大環境的話,那麼對上海本身來說,只能適應和抓住機遇,而不能靠自己來開創新的機遇,也不能指望依靠自己的力量來改變國內外的大環境。地利可指人類生存和發展的地理環境,包括自然、人文和社會各方面。對自然方面的條件,人類不應該輕易去改變,在目前的科學技術條件下,也不可能作真正意義上的改變。人文、社會地理方面的條件雖然主要是人類活動的產物,但並不是純粹的人類活動,因而同樣離不開自然環境,顯然人類主要也是要適應自然環境,而不是脫離這個環境自行其是。但人和,無論是理解為人際關係還是人力資源、人的創造力,都主要取決於人本身,取決於他們如何利用天時和地利。

自開埠至解放這百餘年間上海的發展過程,當然得益於這三方面的條件,但起決定性作用的還是「人和」。因為就天時而言,在當時的中國沿海地區,與上海類似的城市並非一個,在開埠前條件就優於上海的也不止一個地方。就地利而言,固然上海有處於「江海之會,南北之交」的優越環境,但這樣的條件也具備於長江下游沿江各地,東南沿海的一些城市也有類似的環境。而且地利基本上是固定的、現成的,上海只是適應這一條件而已。

但事實是,開埠以後上海以令人瞠目的速度發展,不僅遠遠超越了周圍那些歷史悠久、經濟和文化素稱發達的中小城市,而且很快成為中國以至亞洲最大的城市,還形成了一批以素質高、能力強、影響廣為特徵的「上海人」(儘管他們的原籍大多並非上海,很多人也不是在上海出生),根本的原因還是在於人和。具體的說,得益於租界和移民這兩大要素。

租界當然是帝國主義、殖民主義的產物,是中國人和上海人屈辱的經歷,但沒有租界就沒有 1949 年的上海卻是不爭的事實。移民更是上海發展的基本動力,也是上海的發展不同於其他城市的重要特點。

[頁首 Top]


資本主義精神與社會主義改革

日期 Date:

2007 年 1 月 23 日 (星期二)下午 7 時至 8 時 30 分

講者 Speaker:

郎咸平教授

[頁首 Top]


Entrepreneurial Families: Origins of the Ho Tung Dynasty in Hong Kong

日期 Date:

25 January 2007 (Thursday), 7:00-8:30 pm

講者 Speaker:

Prof. Wong Siu Lun

講題大綱/概述Lectures Outline / Synopsis:

Why are some families more entrepreneurial than others? What are the sources of dynamism of large Chinese business families? In this lecture, I shall present preliminary findings on the founding of the Ho Tung business dynasty in Hong Kong as a case study. I shall examine the accumulation and conversion of the following four types of ‘network capital’ that contribute to the emergence of the Ho Tungs as a business force:

  • Kinship networks -- Who were the patriarchs and matriarchs? How did brothers and cousins interact with one another? How did they forge marriage alliance with other families?
  • Financial networks -- How did they raise funds to establish and expand their business activities? How did they cultivate relationship with banks and tap into the stock market to obtain credit and other financial resources?
  • Political networks -- How did they build up political connections and cope with political crises such as revolutions, wars and regime changes?
  • Multicultural networks -- How Chinese were they in their business activities? How did they transcend ethnic barriers and create multicultural connections?

 

[頁首 Top]


Historical Reflections on Globalization

日期 Date:

8 February 2007 (Thursday), 7:00-8:30 pm

講者 Speaker:

Prof. Arif Dirlik

講題大綱/概述Lectures Outline / Synopsis:

This lecture will take up globalization as a historical problem and as a problem for history. It will offer a historical perspective on globalization: the forces that have gone into the making of the present, and how these forces enable us to distinguish the present from past episodes of globalization. It will then take up questions raised for historical practice and thinking by a globalized perspective on modernity as consciousness and as a principle of organizing the past. The lecture will seek to elucidate a significant difference that distinguishes the historical consciousness of contemporary globalization, focusing on an emergent sense of a global against a Eurocentric modernity.

 

[頁首 Top]



Globalization and National Development: The Perspective of China

日期 Date:

9 February 2007 (Friday), 7:00-8:30 pm

講者 Speaker:

Prof. Arif Dirlik

講題大綱/概述Lectures Outline / Synopsis:

This lecture will discuss in historical perspective Chinese thinking on the question of national development and sovereignty, focusing on two periods: the 1920s/30s, and the present. Revolutionary thinkers in the past saw in the disassociation of the nation from the global economy a prerequisite for autonomous national development. Presently, the PRC leadership has taken globalization as the most efficient strategy for development. The lecture will seek to elucidate the part played by past ideological legacies and present problems in the persistence of questions on the sustainability of a globalizing strategy of development without jeopardizing national sovereignty.


[頁首 Top]




贊助 Sponsor

利希慎基金會 The Lee Hysan Foundation

中華貨殖論壇 Public Lectures on History and Business in China
Copyright (C) 2004-07. All rights reserved.