黄百锐教授

摘要：

有些人跟我们有着根本的道德分歧，即使把价值中立的事实处理好后，这些分歧也是无法解决的。那么，我们对这些人有何亏欠？一个答案是「规范相对主义」，这个观点就是说：我们由他们吧，或者让他们按照自己的价值观行事。我将这一学说背后的理由，归因于自主的价值以及「后设伦理相对主义」，这个观点就是说：一个唯一真实或最正当的道德，并不存在。我认为，规范相对主义比那些态度轻蔑的批评者所想的其实更有道理；此外，规范相对主义的基本原理背后的逻辑，就其对行动的影响来说，比其支持者所想的也要复杂得多。我继而认为，规范相对主义和后设伦理相对主义，在它们最吸引人的版本中，都建基于一种规范的社会认识论，承认有责任尝试理解他人，并持守谦逊、尊重、公平的美德，即使自己坚持的信念和价值观受到挑战，也保持开放的态度。我会讨论《庄子》中对每个生物的个性和独特性的尊重，以及《论语》中「恕」(同情理解)的方法，这些思想对规范认识论，贡献甚巨。最后，我将讨论这种规范认识论与我一直支持的那种相对多元主义之间的关系。

英文主讲
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摘要：

I discuss a characteristic criticism of Confucians to be found in the Daoist texts, which is that the project of achieving virtue tends to degenerate into a striving for superiority over others that not only perverts the aim of self-cultivation but defeats the equally important aim of helping others to improve. I do not think that by itself this is a decisive criticism of the Confucians, but investigating the basis of that criticism will lead, I argue, to a useful critique of Confucian ideas of governance, both within the individual and in state and society. The Daoist criticism, I believe, makes legitimately forceful criticisms of Confucian moral hierarchies and enable us to have more flexible and inclusive ideas of what is valuable and appropriate. These criticisms apply both to Confucian hierarchies applied governance within the individual person and to the political and social realms. I discuss the Daoist ideas in relation to contemporary psychological science and to proposals for a less hierarchical way of governing in society.

英文主讲
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