黃百銳教授

摘要：

有些人跟我們有著根本的道德分歧，即使把價值中立的事實處理好後，這些分歧也是無法解決的。那麼，我們對這些人有何虧欠？一個答案是「規範相對主義」，這個觀點就是說：我們由他們吧，或者讓他們按照自己的價值觀行事。我將這一學說背後的理由，歸因於自主的價值以及「後設倫理相對主義」，這個觀點就是說：一個唯一真實或最正當的道德，並不存在。我認為，規範相對主義比那些態度輕蔑的批評者所想的其實更有道理；此外，規範相對主義的基本原理背後的邏輯，就其對行動的影響來說，比其支持者所想的也要複雜得多。我繼而認為，規範相對主義和後設倫理相對主義，在它們最吸引人的版本中，都建基於一種規範的社會認識論，承認有責任嘗試理解他人，並持守謙遜、尊重、公平的美德，即使自己堅持的信念和價值觀受到挑戰，也保持開放的態度。我會討論《莊子》中對每個生物的個性和獨特性的尊重，以及《論語》中「恕」(同情理解)的方法，這些思想對規範認識論，貢獻甚巨。最後，我將討論這種規範認識論與我一直支持的那種相對多元主義之間的關係。

英文主講
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摘要：

I discuss a characteristic criticism of Confucians to be found in the Daoist texts, which is that the project of achieving virtue tends to degenerate into a striving for superiority over others that not only perverts the aim of self-cultivation but defeats the equally important aim of helping others to improve. I do not think that by itself this is a decisive criticism of the Confucians, but investigating the basis of that criticism will lead, I argue, to a useful critique of Confucian ideas of governance, both within the individual and in state and society. The Daoist criticism, I believe, makes legitimately forceful criticisms of Confucian moral hierarchies and enable us to have more flexible and inclusive ideas of what is valuable and appropriate. These criticisms apply both to Confucian hierarchies applied governance within the individual person and to the political and social realms. I discuss the Daoist ideas in relation to contemporary psychological science and to proposals for a less hierarchical way of governing in society.

英文主講
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