A night of sleep can be roughly categorized into two stages: non-REM sleep and REM sleep. Brain wave activity, eye movement and muscle tension are vastly different in these two stages.

Non-REM sleep can be further divided into three phases：
- Phase one: Light sleep; easily awakened; muscles relax with occasional twitches; eye movements are slow.
- Phase two: Eye movements stop; slower brain waves, with occasional bursts or rapid brain waves.
- Phase three: “Deep sleep”; it occurs soon after falling asleep and mostly in the first half of the night. Difficult to awaken; large and slow brain waves; heart rate and breath are slow and muscles are relaxed.

During REM sleep, eyes move rapidly behind closed eyelids, breathing becomes shallower, heart rate and blood pressure increases. Dreaming occurs during this stage while arms and legs are temporarily paralysed.

After falling asleep, sleep cycle alternates between non-REM and REM sleep about every 90 minutes, with 3 – 5 cycles per night.

Sleep-wake disorder and associated health risks

According to the 2014-2015 general health census, about half (48%) among the population aged 15 years or above have had sleep issues in the past 30 days. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), three months or more of sleep issues could suggest a sleep disorder, and will lead to tiredness, anxiety, lower work efficiency, affecting daily living.

 

Sleep health assessment

The Epworth Sleepiness Scale allows you to have a basic understanding of your sleep health through evaluating your drowsiness during the day. [Click here to begin the assessment]   *This assessment is for reference only. Clinical consultation and check-up are required for a thorough evaluation of your sleep health.

 

Sleep-wake disorder is a catch-all phrase of some 80 different medical conditions. Some conditions have unknown causes, while others are due to diseases, pain, mood disorders (such as depression, anxiety), or medications. Other factors include aging, excessive caffeine and alcohol intake, irregular rest schedules (such as working in shifts) are also probable causes. Common sleep-wake disorder includes chronic insomnia (including difficulty in falling or staying asleep, early-waking) and sleep apnea etc.

 

Epidemiological studies show that sleep deprivation or sleep of suboptimal quality are associated with certain health risks, such as obesity¹, endocrine disorders², Type II diabetes³, cardiovascular diseases^4-6, certain cancers^7-10, and mood disorders¹¹. Another research suggests that a lengthy sleep (9 hours or more per night) will also increase adults’ risk in chronic diseases^4,12,13. However in reality, sleep deprivation is a more salient issue than long sleep duration.

 

Sleep-wake disorder is mostly curable – common solutions include medication, cognitive behaviour therapy/relaxation techniques, CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) ventilators. If you are concerned about your sleep health, you are recommended to seek doctors’ consultation as soon as possible to minimize its impact on both your physical and mental health and long-term well-being.

 

Tips to better sleep health

1. Stable and regular rest schedules and avoid long periods without rest 2. Create a comfortable sleeping environment that is quiet and at moderate temperature 3. Get suitable amount of exercise 4. Avoid strong & excessive tea or coffee intake especially before sleep 5. Avoid excessive amount of alcohol 6. Avoid large meals before bedtime 7. Avoid taking naps during the day even if you cannot rest well the night before, as this only worsens insomnia 8. Get some relaxing exercise and go screen-free before bed 9. If something is on your mind that cannot be solved at the moment, write them down and set them aside till tomorrow 10. If you cannot fall asleep, rise and do something relaxing, such as reading or listening to music, and return to bed when you feel sleepy

 

Related Information：

Sleep Health Programme

 

1. Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 2008;31:619-26.
2. Hall MH, Muldoon MF, Jennings JR, et al. Self-reported sleep duration is associated with the metabolic syndrome in midlife adults. Sleep 2008;31:635-43.
3. Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, et al. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care2010;33:414-20.
4. Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D'Elia L, et al. Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J2011;32:1484-92.
5. Sofi F, Cesari F, Casini A, et al. Insomnia and risk of car-diovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012.
6. Wang Q, Xi B, Liu M, et al. Short sleep duration is associ-ated with hypertension risk among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Res 2012;35:1012-8.
7. Kakizaki M, Inoue K, Kuriyama S, et al. Sleep duration and the risk of prostate cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 2008;99:176-8.
8. Kakizaki M, Kuriyama S, Sone T, et al. Sleep duration and the risk of breast cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 2008;99:1502-5.
9. Thompson CL, Larkin EK, Patel S, et al. Short duration of sleep increases risk of colorectal adenoma. Cancer 2011;117:841-7.
10. von Ruesten A, Weikert C, Fietze I, et al. Association of sleep duration with chronic diseases in the European Pro-spective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study. PLoS One 2012;7:e30972.
11. Taylor DJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, et al. Epidemiolo-gy of insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Sleep2005;28:1457-64.
12. Pigeon WR, Pinquart M, Conner K. Meta-analysis of sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:e1160-7.
13. Arora T, Jiang CQ, Thomas GN, et al. Self-reported long total sleep duration is associated with metabolic syn-drome: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2317-9.