LAW & TECHNOLOGY: Research and Teaching at CUHK LAW

Law & Technology will continue to be one of the dominating legal themes in the future. CUHK LAW is consequently giving significant attention to this area.

Research

Law & Technology research at CUHK LAW is led by the Centre of Financial Regulation and Economic Development (CFRED) under the Executive Directorship of Professor David C. Donald. Currently, the focus of CFRED’s work is on FinTech, RegTech and LawTech. CFRED is working with its computer scientist postdoctoral fellow, Dr Mahdi Miraz, to investigate applications of data analytics, machine learning and distributed ledger Law & Technology (‘blockchain’ or ‘DLT’) in its application to finance, legal practice and regulation. CFRED has created a blog called ‘Machine Lawyering‘ to gather leading interdisciplinary commentary on the areas sketched above. The work of over 300 authors has been featured in the Machine Lawyering blog, making it a prime information source reflecting the latest developments in Law & Technology.

On 16-18 January 2020 CFRED organized with great success the first conference on Machine Lawyering: Digitally Reconceiving Contracting, Regulation and Property at the CUHK Graduate Law Centre. Academic and practice leaders in the field from around the world participated. “The success of the conference mirrors the global recognition of the importance of Law & Technology as core to both economic and legal development. The conference will be repeated as an annual event so as to create a forum to exchange ideas on the latest developments and to present cutting-edge research,” Professor David C. Donald explains. “Digital transformation is revolutionizing every industry, and its impact on the financial and legal services are well-known examples. We are very pleased to, and will continue to, provide an extraordinary platform to present CUHK LAW’s strength in Law & Technology and engage leading experts to deliberate the interactions between law, technologies and human behaviours”, adds Professor Jyh-An Lee the co-organizer of the conference.

CFRED’s research initiative has produced a number of publications on DLT, including David C. Donald & Mahdi Miraz, Multilateral Transparency for Securities Markets through DLT, 15 Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law (2019), 97; David C. Donald, Smart Precision Finance for Small Businesses Funding in European Business Organization Law Review (2020), 1; Robin Huang, The Regulation of Initial Coin Offerings in China: Problems, Prognoses and Prospects, 19 European Business Organization Law Review (2018), 465 (with Hui Deng, Qingran Wu); Robin Huang, Online P2P Lending and Regulatory Responses in China: Opportunities and Challenges, 19 European Business Organization Law Review (2018), 63.

Other recent research at CUHK LAW related to Law & Technology comprises amongst others:

In 2017 CUHK LAW, with partner institutions at the University of Cologne, Germany, and Jilin University, PRC, have embarked on a collaborative research project exploring the cutting-edge topic “Big Data and Courts in China”. Participated by leading academics and practitioners from various jurisdictions, the project seeks to offer fresh insights by adopting empirical, comparative and interdisciplinary methods. CUHK LAW Professor Chao Xi has co-edited a special issue of The China Review, a leading peer-reviewed journal in the area of China studies, titled Data-Driven Approaches to Studying Chinese Judicial Practice . Professor Lutz-Christian Wolff’s article, Artificial Intelligence ante portas: The End of Comparative Law the substance of which had first been presented at the co-organized conference at the University of Cologne on 12 July 2019 was published by the Chinese Journal of Comparative Law (OUP) in February 2020. Three international conferences of this collaborative research project have been hosted in the cities of Hong Kong, Changchun, and Cologne in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The next conference will be held in winter 2020 at CUHK LAW.

On 28-29 November 2019 a conference co-organized by CUHK LAW, the Applied Research Centre for Intellectual Assets and the Law (“ARCIALA”) at the School of Law, Singapore Management University (SMU), and the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition (Munich) was held at SMU School of Law. Under the leadership of Professor Jyh-An Lee the conference brought together a group of legal and technology experts from Asia, Europe, and the United States. Conference participants discussed the latest developments and the newest ideas associated with AI and different categories of IP, i.e. copyright, patents, and trade marks from various perspectives, such as law, economics, computer science, history, and innovation policy.

Professor Stuart Hargraves‘ work focuses amongst other things on the impact of new technology on and the interaction with data privacy. His publications include Who Decides What is ‘Personal Data’? Utilizing the Access Principle with Telecommunications and Internet Providers in Hong Kong” (with L. Tsui), 13 International Journal of Communication (2019), 1684; IP Addresses as Personal Data Under Hong Kong’s Privacy Law: An Introduction to the Access My Info HK Project (with L. Tsui), 25(2) Journal of Law, Information, & Science (2017); Data Protection Regimes, in Anglim (ed.), Privacy Rights in the Digital Age, (New York: Grey House Publishing, Inc., 2016).

The Legal Implications of the Platform Economy Workshop II co-hosted by CUHK LAW, the University of Hong Kong (HKU) Faculty of Law, and the City University of Hong Kong School of Law was held on 16 September 2019 at CUHK Graduate Law Centre. This workshop was one of the two events on law and the platform economy project funded under the Eurasia-Pacific Uninet (EPU) program in Austria, in which Professor Jyh-An Lee was a co-investigator. Workshop I had been held in Danube-University Krems Austria on 24 June 2019, followed by the Workshop II at CUHK LAW. Distinguished researchers from Asia and Europe joined CUHK LAW Professor Sandra Marco Colino , Stuart Hargreaves, Robin Huang, Jyh-An Lee, and PhD student Ms. Songyin Bo for an exchange of research findings and discussions of recent developments.

CUHK LAW has been co-organizing the annual Intellectual Property (IP) Conference with the United States-China Intellectual Property Institute (USCIPI) and the Asian Innovation and IP Society (AIIPS) since 2017. Policymakers, business leaders, prominent practitioners, and distinguished academics discuss issues associated with IP and new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, 3D printing, biomedical technologies and pharmaceutical inventions. CUHK LAW faculty members have published widely on IP and technology. For example, Professor Jyh-An Lee has published on the relationships between IP and a wide variety of new technologies, such as digital platforms, big data, communications technologies, pharmaceutical inventions, etc. His recent publications in this field include Shifting IP Battlegrounds in the U.S.-China Trade War, 43 Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts (2020), 147; Tripartite Perspective on the Copyright-Sharing Economy in China, 35 Computer Law & Security Review (2019), 434; Licensing Open Government Data, 13 Hastings Business Law Journal (2017), 207; Implementing the FRAND Standard in China, 19 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law (2016), 37.
Internet and communications network governance covers a broad range of issues such as domain name dispute resolution, digital censorship and surveillance, cybersecurity, telecommunications law and policy. CUHK LAW Professor Bryan Druzin, Gregory Gordon, Jyh-An Lee, and Sandra Marco Colino have produced impressive output on these topics. Examples are Marco Colino, A History of Competition: The Impact of Antitrust on Hong Kong’s Telecommunications Markets, 29 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal (2019), 931; Druzin &; Gordon, Authoritarianism and the Internet, 43 Law & Social Inquiry (2018), 1427; Lee, Hacking into China’s Cybersecurity Law, 53 Wake Forest Law Review (2018), 57; Druzin, Censorship’s Fragile Grip on the Internet: Can Online Speech be Controlled?, 49 Cornell International Law Journal (2016),369; Lee & Liu, Real-Name Registration Rules and the Fading Digital Anonymity in China, 25 Washington International Law Journal (2016), 1.

Professor Bryan Mercurio’s research project on cross-border trade in data is funded by the Policy Innovation and Coordination Office’s scheme for Public Policy Research. The project aims to explore whether it is necessary for Hong Kong to develop a comprehensive data policy in order to assist the territory in realising its ambition to become a regional fintech hub in addition to the financial and logistical gateway to China, and if so what shape the policy should take. The project, which runs from February 2020-February 2021, will feature several seminars and workshops and produce an issues paper, edited collection and final recommendation report.

Professor Kevin Cheng, Dr. Natasha Pushkarna, and Ms. Sayaka Ri designed a sentencing calculator based off their published research Judicial Disparity, Deviation, and Departures from Sentencing Guidelines: The Case for Hong Kong, 17(3) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies (2020) 580. Sentencing guidelines are set out for drug trafficking by the Hong Kong Court of Appeal where a range of sentence is provided based on the range of the quantity of drugs—e.g. 50 to 200g of cocaine = 96 to 144 months of imprisonment. Observing the continued existence of judicial disparity in sentences for drug trafficking despite these guidelines, they devised a calculation from drug tariffs to estimate the sentence based on the exact quantity of drugs. That formula offers an accurate starting point for judges to use when determining a sentence for a drug trafficking offence. For ease of use of this formula, they developed an online calculator which allows for fast determination of the arithmetically derived sentence starting point for Trafficking in Dangerous Drugs offences where users select the drug type and input the quantity of drugs. It also calculates the sentence after sentence discounts for guilty pleas. You can find the calculator here:
   
https://www.law.cuhk.edu.hk/app/sentencecalculator.  



Teaching

CUHK LAW pays great attention to maintaining its high teaching standards. In this regard new technologies are present in both curriculum design and teaching delivery.

Various courses address different features of the Law & Technology theme from a subject-specific point of view (e.g. online dispute resolution, AI and IP law, smart contracts, e-due diligence). Moreover, in order to prepare CUHK LAW students for their professional careers, where technologies are playing an increasing role, CUHK LAW is proud that courses on Legal Technologies will be offered at the LLB and JD level starting from the academic year 2020-21.

CUHK LAW Dean Lutz-Christian Wolff commented in 2019 EduTECH Asia on the use of technology for teaching purposes: “Technology has become a very important part of modern teaching and research activities…. Technology is definitely enabling systematic change in pedagogy. Technology multiplies pedagogical options and thus moves teaching pedagogy forward. At the same time it must be ensured that technological options are not pursued just because technology is available. In other words, the pedagogical viability of particular technology must be assessed with great care in each case given the particular circumstances.”

CUHK LAW regards the use of innovative technologies as key to achieving teaching excellence at all levels. Various course leaders have successfully adopted or are experimenting with the introduction of modern technology-based modes of delivery underscored by research such as the project on Flipped Classrooms for Legal Education, the production and use of online micro modules, and course delivery via virtual online collaboration using Zoom. More information on teaching excellence at CUHK LAW is available at here.

Sentencing Calculator for Trafficking in Dangerous Drugs

Professor Kevin Cheng, Dr. Natasha Pushkarna, and Ms. Sayaka Ri designed a sentencing calculator based off their published research Judicial Disparity, Deviation, and Departures from Sentencing Guidelines: The Case for Hong Kong, 17(3) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies (2020) 580. Sentencing guidelines are set out for drug trafficking by the Hong Kong Court of Appeal where a range of sentence is provided based on the range of the quantity of drugs—e.g. 50 to 200g of cocaine = 96 to 144 months of imprisonment. Observing the continued existence of judicial disparity in sentences for drug trafficking despite these guidelines, they devised a calculation from drug tariffs to estimate the sentence based on the exact quantity of drugs. That formula offers an accurate starting point for judges to use when determining a sentence for a drug trafficking offence. For ease of use of this formula, they developed an online calculator which allows for fast determination of the arithmetically derived sentence starting point for Trafficking in Dangerous Drugs offences where users select the drug type and input the quantity of drugs. It also calculates the sentence after sentence discounts for guilty pleas. You can find the calculator here: https://cuhk.outgrow.us/Copy-of-Copy-of-cuhk-2-1-3.